Hyperpigmentation is a common skin condition where patches of skin appear darker than the surrounding area. This happens when the body produces too much melanin – the pigment that gives skin its colour and helps protect it from the sun. While everyone has roughly the same number of melanocytes (the cells that make melanin), how much melanin they produce depends largely on genetics. People with darker skin naturally produce more melanin, while those with lighter skin produce less – besides which there are several types of hyperpigmentation, each with its own cause.
Sunspots (Solar Lentigines) are dark patches are caused by prolonged sun exposure and are often seen on the face, hands, shoulders, and arms. Although melanin offers some natural sun protection, it’s not enough to prevent sun damage completely which is why sun protection is so essential.
Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation (PIH) occurs when the skin darkens after it has healed from injury or inflammation, such as acne, eczema, or psoriasis. That’s why dermatologists often warn against picking at spots or scratches – because the healing process can leave a mark.
Melasma is typically seen as symmetrical, blotchy brown patches on the forehead, cheeks, or upper lip, and it’s often triggered by hormonal changes such as pregnancy or hormonal contraceptive use, alongside sun exposure. It’s much more common in women.
Age Spots (Liver Spots), like sunspots, develop over time with repeated sun exposure and typically appear as part of the ageing process.
Although anyone can develop dark spots, the type and triggers can vary. Fairer skin is often more prone to sunspots, while darker skin may be more likely to experience PIH. Hormonal changes and skin conditions also play a role, meaning pregnant women or those with eczema or psoriasis may notice dark patches more easily.
However, dark spots can be treated – or hopefully prevented by following a few tips:
- Wear broad-spectrum sun protection daily, even on cloudy days.
- Cover up with hats and clothing, especially between 10 am and 4 pm when the sun is strongest.
- Avoid scratching at skin to reduce the risk of PIH.
- Keep skin hydrated and use gentle skincare products to avoid irritation.
Often, milder dark spots can be improved with skincare products containing ingredients that promote skin renewal and help reduce pigmentation. These include retinoids, vitamin C, and azelaic acid. Chemical exfoliants like glycolic or lactic acid can also help brighten skin tone over time.
For more stubborn pigmentation, professional treatments such as chemical peels, laser therapy, microneedling, or light-based treatments may be recommended. These should always be performed by a qualified professional, especially for darker skin tones, to minimise the risk of irritation or scarring.
